Ismail al-Faruqi - Revision history

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	{{short description\|Muslim philosopher-scholar of Islamics and comparative religion}}		{{short description\|Muslim philosopher-scholar of Islamics and comparative religion}}

	[[File:Ismail-al-faruqi-photo.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Isma'il Raji' al-Faruqi]]		[[File:Ismail-al-faruqi-photo.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Isma'il Raji' al-Faruqi]]
	'''Ismaʿil Raji al-Faruqi''' (إسماعيل راجي الفاروقي January 1, 1921 – May 27, 1986) was a Palestinian-American [[Muslim]] philosopher and scholar who worked extensively in [[Islamic studies]] and interfaith dialogue. He spent several years at [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo and taught at universities in North America, including McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Al-Faruqi was a professor of religion at Temple University, where he founded and chaired the Islamic Studies program. He also co-founded the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). Al-Faruqi authored more than 100 articles and 25 books, including ''[[Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas]]'' (1967) and ''[[Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life]]'' (1982), examining Islamic thought, ethics, the concept of monotheism, and interfaith relations.		'''Ismaʿil Raji al-Faruqi''' (إسماعيل راجي الفاروقي January 1, 1921 – May 27, 1986) was a Palestinian-American [[Muslim]] philosopher and scholar who worked extensively in [[Islamic studies]] and interfaith dialogue. He spent several years at [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo and taught at universities in North America, including McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Al-Faruqi was a professor of religion at Temple University, where he founded and chaired the Islamic Studies program. He also co-founded the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). Al-Faruqi authored more than 100 articles and 25 books, including ''[[Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas]]'' (1967) and ''[[Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life]]'' (1982), examining Islamic thought, ethics, the concept of monotheism, and interfaith relations.

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	{{short description\|Muslim philosopher-scholar of Islamics and comparative religion.}}		{{short description\|Muslim philosopher-scholar of Islamics and comparative religion}}

	[[File:Ismail-al-faruqi-photo.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Isma'il Raji' al-Faruqi]]		[[File:Ismail-al-faruqi-photo.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Isma'il Raji' al-Faruqi]]

Menj at 20:27, 6 March 2025

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			{{short description\|Muslim philosopher-scholar of Islamics and comparative religion.}}

	[[File:Ismail-al-faruqi-photo.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Isma'il Raji' al-Faruqi]]		[[File:Ismail-al-faruqi-photo.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Isma'il Raji' al-Faruqi]]

	'''Ismaʿil Raji al-Faruqi''' (إسماعيل راجي الفاروقي January 1, 1921 – May 27, 1986) was a Palestinian-American [[Muslim]] philosopher and scholar who worked extensively in [[Islamic studies]] and interfaith dialogue. He spent several years at [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo and taught at universities in North America, including McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Al-Faruqi was a professor of religion at Temple University, where he founded and chaired the Islamic Studies program. He also co-founded the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). Al-Faruqi authored more than 100 articles and 25 books, including ''[[Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas]]'' (1967) and ''[[Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life]]'' (1982), examining Islamic thought, ethics, the concept of monotheism, and interfaith relations.		'''Ismaʿil Raji al-Faruqi''' (إسماعيل راجي الفاروقي January 1, 1921 – May 27, 1986) was a Palestinian-American [[Muslim]] philosopher and scholar who worked extensively in [[Islamic studies]] and interfaith dialogue. He spent several years at [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo and taught at universities in North America, including McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Al-Faruqi was a professor of religion at Temple University, where he founded and chaired the Islamic Studies program. He also co-founded the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). Al-Faruqi authored more than 100 articles and 25 books, including ''[[Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas]]'' (1967) and ''[[Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life]]'' (1982), examining Islamic thought, ethics, the concept of monotheism, and interfaith relations.

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Scholarly achievements

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	Al-Faruqi was the first Muslim academic to engage in the phenomenological and history of religious approaches. He viewed these approaches as contributing to the appreciation of Islam as part of human religious history and enabling Muslim engagement in the modern study of religion and as a participant in building understanding between religions.<ref name="Yusuf2014" />		Al-Faruqi was the first Muslim academic to engage in the phenomenological and history of religious approaches. He viewed these approaches as contributing to the appreciation of Islam as part of human religious history and enabling Muslim engagement in the modern study of religion and as a participant in building understanding between religions.<ref name="Yusuf2014" />

	In 1973, al-Faruqi established the Islamic Studies Group in the [[American Academy of Religion]] (AAR) and chaired it for ten years.<ref name="Yusuf2014" /> This initiative provided a formal platform for Muslim scholars to engage in dialogue with scholars from other religious traditions, particularly in comparative religion and interfaith studies.<ref name="Yusuf2014" /> Besides his academic work, al-Faruqi held leadership positions such as vice president of the Inter-Religious Peace Colloquium and president of the American Islamic College in Chicago.<ref name="Ghamari2004" /><ref name="Fletcher2014" />		In 1973, al-Faruqi established the Islamic Studies Group in the American Academy of Religion (AAR) and chaired it for ten years.<ref name="Yusuf2014" /> This initiative provided a formal platform for Muslim scholars to engage in dialogue with scholars from other religious traditions, particularly in comparative religion and interfaith studies.<ref name="Yusuf2014" /> Besides his academic work, al-Faruqi held leadership positions such as vice president of the Inter-Religious Peace Colloquium and president of the American Islamic College in Chicago.<ref name="Ghamari2004" /><ref name="Fletcher2014" />

	[[File:International Islamic University Malaysia temporary logo 1983.svg\|thumb\|left\|The first logo used by IIUM (initially known as IIU).]]		[[File:International Islamic University Malaysia temporary logo 1983.svg\|thumb\|left\|The first logo used by IIUM (initially known as IIU).]]

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Early life and education

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	Al-Faruqi was born in Jaffa, in British mandate [[Palestine]].<ref name="Yusuf2021">Imtiyaz Yusuf (ed.), ''Essential Writings: Ismail Al Faruqi'', Kuala Lumpur: IBT Books, 2021, p. 3.</ref><ref name="OxfordIslam">"Faruqi, Ismail Raji al- (1986)", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford Reference. Available at: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095811314] (Accessed: 4 July 2024).</ref> His father, 'Abd al-Huda al-Faruqi, was an Islamic judge (''[[qadi]]''). Al-Faruqi received his early religious education at home and in the local mosque. His father's influence significantly shaped al-Faruqi's early religious and moral education.<ref name="Badri2014">Malik Badri, "Psychological reflections on Ismail al-Faruqi's life and contributions," in ''The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'', vol. 31, no. 2, 2014, pp. 145–152</ref>		Al-Faruqi was born in Jaffa, in British mandate [[Palestine]].<ref name="Yusuf2021">Imtiyaz Yusuf (ed.), ''Essential Writings: Ismail Al Faruqi'', Kuala Lumpur: IBT Books, 2021, p. 3.</ref><ref name="OxfordIslam">"Faruqi, Ismail Raji al- (1986)", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford Reference. Available at: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095811314] (Accessed: 4 July 2024).</ref> His father, 'Abd al-Huda al-Faruqi, was an Islamic judge (''[[qadi]]''). Al-Faruqi received his early religious education at home and in the local mosque. His father's influence significantly shaped al-Faruqi's early religious and moral education.<ref name="Badri2014">Malik Badri, "Psychological reflections on Ismail al-Faruqi's life and contributions," in ''The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'', vol. 31, no. 2, 2014, pp. 145–152</ref>

	In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, "Ismail al-Faruqi", in ''Makers of Contemporary Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 52–70.</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to Beirut, [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />		In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, "Ismail al-Faruqi", in ''Makers of Contemporary Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 52–70.</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />

	In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi, ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'', Master's thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1949.</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">Isma'il al-Faruqi, ''On Justifying the Good'', PhD thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1952.</ref> During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].		In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi, ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'', Master's thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1949.</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">Isma'il al-Faruqi, ''On Justifying the Good'', PhD thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1952.</ref> During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].

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	'''Ismaʿil Raji al-Faruqi''' (إسماعيل راجي الفاروقي January 1, 1921 – May 27, 1986) was a Palestinian-American [[Muslim]] philosopher and scholar who worked extensively in [[Islamic studies]] and interfaith dialogue. He spent several years at [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo and taught at universities in North America, including McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Al-Faruqi was a professor of religion at Temple University, where he founded and chaired the Islamic Studies program. He also co-founded the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). Al-Faruqi authored more than 100 articles and 25 books, including ''[[Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas]]'' (1967) and ''[[Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life]]'' (1982), examining Islamic thought, ethics, the concept of monotheism, and interfaith relations.		'''Ismaʿil Raji al-Faruqi''' (إسماعيل راجي الفاروقي January 1, 1921 – May 27, 1986) was a Palestinian-American [[Muslim]] philosopher and scholar who worked extensively in [[Islamic studies]] and interfaith dialogue. He spent several years at [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo and taught at universities in North America, including McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Al-Faruqi was a professor of religion at Temple University, where he founded and chaired the Islamic Studies program. He also co-founded the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). Al-Faruqi authored more than 100 articles and 25 books, including ''[[Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas]]'' (1967) and ''[[Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life]]'' (1982), examining Islamic thought, ethics, the concept of monotheism, and interfaith relations.

	In 1986, Al-Faruqi and his wife, [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]], were murdered in their home in Pennsylvania. The case drew widespread attention, as their loss deeply affected the academic and interfaith communities.<ref>~~{{cite journal \|title=~~Isma'il R. al-Faruqi: January 1, 1921–May 27, 1986 ~~\|journal=~~Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science ~~\|volume=~~21 ~~\|issue=~~4 ~~\|pages=549 \|date=~~1986 ~~\|doi=10~~.~~1111/j.1467-9744.1986.tb00767~~.~~x \|language=en}}~~</ref><ref>~~{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Eylon \|first=~~Dina Ripsman ~~\|title=~~Faruqi, Isma'il Raji al- (1921-1986), scholar of religion and Islamic social activist ~~\|encyclopedia=~~American National Biography ~~\|year=~~2000 ~~\|doi=10~~.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0801848 \|isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 \|url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0801848 \|access-date=4 December 2024 \|language=en\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>~~{{cite journal \| last=Nyang \| first=~~Sulayman S. ~~\| title=~~In Memoriam ~~\| journal=~~American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences ~~\| volume=~~3 ~~\| issue=~~1 ~~\| year=~~1986 ~~\| pages=~~6–9 ~~\| language=en }}~~</ref>		In 1986, Al-Faruqi and his wife, [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]], were murdered in their home in Pennsylvania. The case drew widespread attention, as their loss deeply affected the academic and interfaith communities.<ref>"Isma'il R. al-Faruqi: January 1, 1921–May 27, 1986," ''Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science'', vol. 21, no. 4, 1986, p. 549.</ref> <ref>Dina Ripsman Eylon, "Faruqi, Isma'il Raji al- (1921-1986), scholar of religion and Islamic social activist," in ''American National Biography'', 2000.</ref> <ref>Sulayman S. Nyang, "In Memoriam," ''American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'', vol. 3, no. 1, 1986, pp. 6–9.</ref>

	== Biography ==		== Biography ==

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Early life and education

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	In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, "Ismail al-Faruqi", in ''Makers of Contemporary Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 52–70.</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to Beirut, [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />		In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, "Ismail al-Faruqi", in ''Makers of Contemporary Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 52–70.</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to Beirut, [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />

	In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi, ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'', Master's thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1949.</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">Isma'il al-Faruqi, ''On Justifying the Good'', PhD thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1952.</ref During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].		In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi, ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'', Master's thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1949.</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">Isma'il al-Faruqi, ''On Justifying the Good'', PhD thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1952.</ref> During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].

	In his master's thesis, al-Faruqi examined the ethics of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche. His early philosophical work laid the groundwork for his later critiques of Western ethical systems and his development of Islamic ethical thought.<ref name="Zebiri35">{{Cite book \|last=Zebiri \|first=Kate \| title=Muslims and Christians Face to Face \|year=1997 \|publisher=Oneworld Publications \|location=Oxford \|isbn=1851681337 \|pages=35–37 \| language=en}}</ref> In his doctoral thesis, al-Faruqi argued that values are absolute, self-existent essences known [[a priori]] through emotional intuition. He based his theories on Max Scheler's use of phenomenology and Nicolai Hartmann's studies in ethics.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Scheler \|first=Max \|title=On the Eternal Man \|year=1960 \|publisher=SCM Press \|location=London \|translator=Bernard Noble}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Scheler \|first=Max \|title=Man's Place in Nature \|year=1961 \|publisher=Beacon Press \|location=Boston \|language=en}}</ref> His studies led him to conclude that the absence of a transcendent foundation leads to moral relativism, prompting him to reassess his Islamic heritage.		In his master's thesis, al-Faruqi examined the ethics of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche. His early philosophical work laid the groundwork for his later critiques of Western ethical systems and his development of Islamic ethical thought.<ref name="Zebiri35">{{Cite book \|last=Zebiri \|first=Kate \| title=Muslims and Christians Face to Face \|year=1997 \|publisher=Oneworld Publications \|location=Oxford \|isbn=1851681337 \|pages=35–37 \| language=en}}</ref> In his doctoral thesis, al-Faruqi argued that values are absolute, self-existent essences known [[a priori]] through emotional intuition. He based his theories on Max Scheler's use of phenomenology and Nicolai Hartmann's studies in ethics.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Scheler \|first=Max \|title=On the Eternal Man \|year=1960 \|publisher=SCM Press \|location=London \|translator=Bernard Noble}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Scheler \|first=Max \|title=Man's Place in Nature \|year=1961 \|publisher=Beacon Press \|location=Boston \|language=en}}</ref> His studies led him to conclude that the absence of a transcendent foundation leads to moral relativism, prompting him to reassess his Islamic heritage.

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Early life and education

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	In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, "Ismail al-Faruqi", in ''Makers of Contemporary Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 52–70.</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to Beirut, [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />		In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, "Ismail al-Faruqi", in ''Makers of Contemporary Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 52–70.</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to Beirut, [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />

	In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>~~{{cite thesis \|last=Al-Faruqi \|first=~~Isma'il Raji ~~\|year=1949 \|title=~~The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics) ~~\|type=~~Master's thesis ~~\|publisher=~~Indiana University ~~\|location=~~Bloomington ~~\| language=en}}~~</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">~~{{cite thesis \|last=Al~~-Faruqi ~~\|first=Isma~~'~~il \|title=~~On Justifying the Good ~~\|type=~~PhD thesis ~~\|year=1952 \|publisher=~~Indiana University ~~\|location=~~Bloomington ~~\|language=en}}~~</ref> During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].		In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi, ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'', Master's thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1949.</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">Isma'il al-Faruqi, ''On Justifying the Good'', PhD thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1952.</ref During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].

	In his master's thesis, al-Faruqi examined the ethics of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche. His early philosophical work laid the groundwork for his later critiques of Western ethical systems and his development of Islamic ethical thought.<ref name="Zebiri35">{{Cite book \|last=Zebiri \|first=Kate \| title=Muslims and Christians Face to Face \|year=1997 \|publisher=Oneworld Publications \|location=Oxford \|isbn=1851681337 \|pages=35–37 \| language=en}}</ref> In his doctoral thesis, al-Faruqi argued that values are absolute, self-existent essences known [[a priori]] through emotional intuition. He based his theories on Max Scheler's use of phenomenology and Nicolai Hartmann's studies in ethics.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Scheler \|first=Max \|title=On the Eternal Man \|year=1960 \|publisher=SCM Press \|location=London \|translator=Bernard Noble}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Scheler \|first=Max \|title=Man's Place in Nature \|year=1961 \|publisher=Beacon Press \|location=Boston \|language=en}}</ref> His studies led him to conclude that the absence of a transcendent foundation leads to moral relativism, prompting him to reassess his Islamic heritage.		In his master's thesis, al-Faruqi examined the ethics of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche. His early philosophical work laid the groundwork for his later critiques of Western ethical systems and his development of Islamic ethical thought.<ref name="Zebiri35">{{Cite book \|last=Zebiri \|first=Kate \| title=Muslims and Christians Face to Face \|year=1997 \|publisher=Oneworld Publications \|location=Oxford \|isbn=1851681337 \|pages=35–37 \| language=en}}</ref> In his doctoral thesis, al-Faruqi argued that values are absolute, self-existent essences known [[a priori]] through emotional intuition. He based his theories on Max Scheler's use of phenomenology and Nicolai Hartmann's studies in ethics.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Scheler \|first=Max \|title=On the Eternal Man \|year=1960 \|publisher=SCM Press \|location=London \|translator=Bernard Noble}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Scheler \|first=Max \|title=Man's Place in Nature \|year=1961 \|publisher=Beacon Press \|location=Boston \|language=en}}</ref> His studies led him to conclude that the absence of a transcendent foundation leads to moral relativism, prompting him to reassess his Islamic heritage.

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Early life and education

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	== Biography ==		== Biography ==
	=== Early life and education ===		=== Early life and education ===
	Al-Faruqi was born in Jaffa, in British mandate [[Palestine]].<ref name="Yusuf2021">Imtiyaz Yusuf (ed.), ''Essential Writings: Ismail Al Faruqi'', Kuala Lumpur: IBT Books, 2021, p. 3.</ref><ref name="OxfordIslam">"Faruqi, Ismail Raji al- (1986)", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford Reference. Available at: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095811314] (Accessed: 4 July 2024).</ref> His father, 'Abd al-Huda al-Faruqi, was an Islamic judge (''[[qadi]]''). Al-Faruqi received his early religious education at home and in the local mosque. His father's influence significantly shaped al-Faruqi's early religious and moral education.<ref name="Badri2014">Malik Badri, "Psychological reflections on Ismail al-Faruqi's life and contributions", ''The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'', vol. 31, no. 2, 2014, pp. 145–152~~. doi:[10.35632/ajis.v31i2.1052](https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i2.1052).~~</ref> In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, "Ismail al-Faruqi", in ''Makers of Contemporary Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 52–70.</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to Beirut, [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />		Al-Faruqi was born in Jaffa, in British mandate [[Palestine]].<ref name="Yusuf2021">Imtiyaz Yusuf (ed.), ''Essential Writings: Ismail Al Faruqi'', Kuala Lumpur: IBT Books, 2021, p. 3.</ref><ref name="OxfordIslam">"Faruqi, Ismail Raji al- (1986)", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford Reference. Available at: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095811314] (Accessed: 4 July 2024).</ref> His father, 'Abd al-Huda al-Faruqi, was an Islamic judge (''[[qadi]]''). Al-Faruqi received his early religious education at home and in the local mosque. His father's influence significantly shaped al-Faruqi's early religious and moral education.<ref name="Badri2014">Malik Badri, "Psychological reflections on Ismail al-Faruqi's life and contributions," in ''The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'', vol. 31, no. 2, 2014, pp. 145–152</ref>

			In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, "Ismail al-Faruqi", in ''Makers of Contemporary Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 52–70.</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to Beirut, [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />

	In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>{{cite thesis \|last=Al-Faruqi \|first=Isma'il Raji \|year=1949 \|title=The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics) \|type=Master's thesis \|publisher=Indiana University \|location=Bloomington \| language=en}}</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">{{cite thesis \|last=Al-Faruqi \|first=Isma'il \|title=On Justifying the Good \|type=PhD thesis \|year=1952 \|publisher=Indiana University \|location=Bloomington \|language=en}}</ref> During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].		In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>{{cite thesis \|last=Al-Faruqi \|first=Isma'il Raji \|year=1949 \|title=The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics) \|type=Master's thesis \|publisher=Indiana University \|location=Bloomington \| language=en}}</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">{{cite thesis \|last=Al-Faruqi \|first=Isma'il \|title=On Justifying the Good \|type=PhD thesis \|year=1952 \|publisher=Indiana University \|location=Bloomington \|language=en}}</ref> During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].

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Early life and education

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	== Biography ==		== Biography ==
	=== Early life and education ===		=== Early life and education ===
	Al-Faruqi was born in Jaffa, in British mandate [[Palestine]].<ref name="Yusuf2021">Imtiyaz Yusuf (ed.), ''Essential Writings: Ismail Al Faruqi'', Kuala Lumpur: IBT Books, 2021, p. 3.</ref><ref name="OxfordIslam">"Faruqi, Ismail Raji al- (1986)", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford Reference. Available at: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095811314] (Accessed: 4 July 2024).</ref> His father, 'Abd al-Huda al-Faruqi, was an Islamic judge (''[[qadi]]''). Al-Faruqi received his early religious education at home and in the local mosque. His father's influence significantly shaped al-Faruqi's early religious and moral education.<ref name="Badri2014">~~{{cite journal \|last=~~Badri ~~\|first=Malik \|year=2014 \|title=~~Psychological reflections on Ismail al-Faruqi's life and contributions ~~\|journal=~~The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences ~~\|volume=~~31 ~~\|issue=~~2 ~~\|pages=~~145–152\|doi=10.35632/ajis.v31i2.1052 }}</ref> In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">~~{{cite book \|last1=Esposito \|first1=~~John L. ~~\|last2=Voll \|first2=~~John O. ~~\|title=~~Makers of Contemporary Islam ~~\|chapter=Ismail al-Faruqi \|year=2001 \|publisher=~~Oxford University Press ~~\|pages=~~52–70 ~~\|language=en}}~~</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to Beirut, [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />		Al-Faruqi was born in Jaffa, in British mandate [[Palestine]].<ref name="Yusuf2021">Imtiyaz Yusuf (ed.), ''Essential Writings: Ismail Al Faruqi'', Kuala Lumpur: IBT Books, 2021, p. 3.</ref><ref name="OxfordIslam">"Faruqi, Ismail Raji al- (1986)", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford Reference. Available at: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095811314] (Accessed: 4 July 2024).</ref> His father, 'Abd al-Huda al-Faruqi, was an Islamic judge (''[[qadi]]''). Al-Faruqi received his early religious education at home and in the local mosque. His father's influence significantly shaped al-Faruqi's early religious and moral education.<ref name="Badri2014">Malik Badri, "Psychological reflections on Ismail al-Faruqi's life and contributions", ''The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'', vol. 31, no. 2, 2014, pp. 145–152. doi:[10.35632/ajis.v31i2.1052](https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i2.1052).</ref> In 1936, he began attending the French Dominican Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, "Ismail al-Faruqi", in ''Makers of Contemporary Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 52–70.</ref> Later al-Faruqi moved to Beirut, [[Lebanon]], where he continued his studies at the American University of Beirut (AUB). At AUB, al-Faruqi was influenced by Arab nationalist movements and prominent Christian Arab nationalists such as Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh. These influences contributed to his adoption of Arabism.<ref name="Badri2014" /> The academic environment at AUB included compulsory attendance of Christian missionary lectures and courses promoting Western modernity, which influenced his ideological development.<ref name="Badri2014" />

	In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>{{cite thesis \|last=Al-Faruqi \|first=Isma'il Raji \|year=1949 \|title=The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics) \|type=Master's thesis \|publisher=Indiana University \|location=Bloomington \| language=en}}</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">{{cite thesis \|last=Al-Faruqi \|first=Isma'il \|title=On Justifying the Good \|type=PhD thesis \|year=1952 \|publisher=Indiana University \|location=Bloomington \|language=en}}</ref> During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].		In 1942, he was appointed as a registrar of cooperative societies under the British Mandate government in [[Jerusalem]]. In 1945, he became the district governor of Galilee.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Following the 1948 [[1948 Arab–Israeli War\|Arab-Israeli War]], he enrolled at Indiana University, obtaining his M.A. in philosophy with a thesis titled ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'' in 1949.<ref>{{cite thesis \|last=Al-Faruqi \|first=Isma'il Raji \|year=1949 \|title=The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics) \|type=Master's thesis \|publisher=Indiana University \|location=Bloomington \| language=en}}</ref> He followed this with a second M.A. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and earned his Ph.D. with a thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' from Indiana University in 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">{{cite thesis \|last=Al-Faruqi \|first=Isma'il \|title=On Justifying the Good \|type=PhD thesis \|year=1952 \|publisher=Indiana University \|location=Bloomington \|language=en}}</ref> During this period, he met and married [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]].